{"id":125359,"date":"2020-03-03T17:06:31","date_gmt":"2020-03-03T22:06:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.gunsamerica.com\/digest\/?p=125359"},"modified":"2020-03-03T17:06:31","modified_gmt":"2023-09-06T14:58:28","slug":"meaning-of-keep-and-bear-arms","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gunsamerica.com\/digest\/meaning-of-keep-and-bear-arms\/","title":{"rendered":"New Legal Tech May Shed Light on the Meaning of ‘Keep and Bear Arms’"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"New
New linguistic tools largely support the late Justice Antonin Scalia’s arguments in the <\/em>Heller decision.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most gun owners (not to mention reasonable human beings) understand that the phrase in the Second Amendment \u201ckeep and bear arms\u201d prohibits the federal government from impinging on the right to own and carry firearms. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

But common sense isn\u2019t always a valid legal justification,\nand judges who care about the original meaning of the Constitution must use\nfounding-era documents to prove how the Second Amendment\u2019s authors would have\nunderstood their words.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Towards that end, scholars have developed a new tool called \u201ccorpus linguistics\u201d to digitize and search thousands of documents and uncover how colonial Americans used certain words and phrases. James C. Philips of Stanford University and Josh Blackman of South Texas College of Law Houston used corpus linguistics to better understand the original meaning of the Second Amendment, and they published their findings in a recent article for The Atlantic<\/a><\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

They look specifically at the words \u201ckeep and bear arms\u201d to\njudge the soundness of Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia\u2019s majority opinion\nand Justice John Paul Stevens\u2019 dissenting opinion in D.C. vs Heller<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are more convinced by Scalia\u2019s majority opinion than Stevens\u2019s dissent, even though they both made errors in their analysis,\u201d the authors conclude.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SEE ALSO: Supreme Court Rejects Anti-Gun Arguments, Agrees to Hear New York Handgun Case<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In the Heller <\/em>decision, Justice Scalia argued that\nthe phrase bear arms <\/em>could sometimes refer to an individual right\nrather than a collective right. Only when the phrase includes the word against\n<\/em>can scholars safely say the wording refers exclusively to militia service.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Justice Stevens dissented, arguing that the phrase keep\nand bear arms <\/em>was a fixed term, similar to cease and desist<\/em> or lock,\nstock, and barrel<\/em>. He claimed that the founders would have understood this\nconstruction as always referring to military service.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Philips and Blackman unequivocally disprove Stevens\u2019 claim. Using two corpus linguistics databases that include English documents from several centuries, the researchers were only able to find two instances of the phrase keep and bear arms<\/em>: in the 1780 Massachusetts Declaration of Rights, and in a proposal for a constitutional amendment by the Virginia Ratifying Convention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIn short, keep and bear arms<\/em> was not a\nterm of art with a fixed meaning. Indeed, the meaning of this phrase was quite\nunsettled then, as it had barely been used in other governmental documents,\u201d\nPhilips and Blackman conclude. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The researchers also considered the phrases bear arms <\/em>and\nkeep arms <\/em>separately. They found that bear arms <\/em>has a \u201cmilitia-related\nmeaning\u201d in roughly 90 percent of the documents they considered. While this\ndoes not disprove Scalia\u2019s claim, it suggests that colonists would have\nunderstood bear arms<\/em> in a military sense regardless of the presence of\nthe word against. <\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keep arms<\/em>, however, is more ambiguous. Forty percent\nof the documents refer to keep arms <\/em>within the context of a militia, but\n30 percent reference a person who has firearms for personal use. The remainder of\nthe instances did not support either meaning. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBased on our findings, an average citizen of the founding era would likely have understood the phrase keep arms <\/em>to refer to possessing arms for both military and personal uses,\u201d the researchers conclude.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SEE ALSO: No, Judge Young, Justice Scalia Would Be Rolling in His Grave After Your AR Ban Decision<\/a> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Finally, the researchers considered instances that reference\narms <\/em>in the context of rights. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As with the phrase keep\narms<\/em>, the documents reveal that\nAmerican colonists would have understood arms and rights as referring to both\ncollective and individual rights. About 40 percent of the results had a\nmilitia sense, about 25 percent used an individual sense, and about 30 percent\nreferred to both militia and<\/em> individual senses. The remainder\nwere ambiguous.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHere, too, an \u2018ordinary citizen\u2019 at the time of the\nfounding likely would have understood that the phrase arms<\/em>, in the\ncontext of rights<\/em>, referred to both militia-based and individual\nrights,\u201d Philips and Blackman argue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Philips and Blackman admit that linguistic analysis forms only a small part of the originalist defense of the Second Amendment. But their findings reveal that, in all likelihood, the authors of the Second Amendment understood it just as gun owners do today. Militia service may be one justification for the right to keep and bear arms, but as with all other guarantees in the Bill of Rights, it resides with the individual. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

***Buy and Sell on GunsAmerica!<\/a>***<\/strong><\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cWe are more convinced by Scalia\u2019s majority opinion than Stevens\u2019s dissent.”<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":54,"featured_media":125360,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_specdata_upc":"","_specdata_placement":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[244,7,25,593,240],"tags":[132,607],"featured":[],"hunt365":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-125359","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-2nd-amendment-r2kba","8":"category-gunsamerica-authors","9":"category-current-events","10":"category-jordan-michaels","11":"category-this-week","12":"tag-buzz","13":"tag-news"},"yoast_head":"\nNew Legal Tech May Shed Light on the Meaning of 'Keep and Bear Arms'<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The new tool may help scholars better understand what the authors of the Second Amendment meant by phrases like "keep and bear arms."\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/gunsamerica.com\/digest\/meaning-of-keep-and-bear-arms\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"New Legal Tech May Shed Light on the Meaning of 'Keep and Bear Arms'\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201cWe are more convinced by Scalia\u2019s majority opinion than Stevens\u2019s dissent."\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/gunsamerica.com\/digest\/meaning-of-keep-and-bear-arms\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Gun Reviews and News | GunsAmerica.com\/Digest\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/gunsamerica\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-03-03T22:06:31+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-09-06T14:58:28+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/gunsamerica.com\/digest\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/scalia.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Jordan Michaels\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@gunsamerica\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@gunsamerica\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Jordan Michaels\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gunsamerica.com\\\/digest\\\/meaning-of-keep-and-bear-arms\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gunsamerica.com\\\/digest\\\/meaning-of-keep-and-bear-arms\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Jordan Michaels\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gunsamerica.com\\\/digest\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/a21614cb8c2dd3512bbbaa26c54521ad\"},\"headline\":\"New Legal Tech May Shed Light on the Meaning of ‘Keep and Bear Arms’\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-03-03T22:06:31+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-09-06T14:58:28+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gunsamerica.com\\\/digest\\\/meaning-of-keep-and-bear-arms\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":779,\"commentCount\":40,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gunsamerica.com\\\/digest\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gunsamerica.com\\\/digest\\\/meaning-of-keep-and-bear-arms\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/gunsamerica.com\\\/digest\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/03\\\/scalia.png\",\"keywords\":[\"Buzz\",\"News\"],\"articleSection\":[\"2nd Amendment - 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